{"id":8,"date":"2019-07-17T15:22:00","date_gmt":"2019-07-17T15:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/striresearch.si.edu\/bci-soil-map\/databases\/"},"modified":"2019-07-19T14:15:46","modified_gmt":"2019-07-19T14:15:46","slug":"references-bibliography","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/striresearch.si.edu\/bci-soil-map\/references-bibliography\/","title":{"rendered":"References and BCI soils Bibliography"},"content":{"rendered":"

Akamigbo, F.O.R. 1984.\u00a0 The accuracy of field textures in a humid tropical environment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Soil Survey and Land Evaluation<\/em>.\u00a04<\/strong>\u00a063 \u2013 70.<\/p>\n

Alvim, P. de T. 1978.\u00a0 Perspectiva de producao agricola na regiao Amazonica.\u00a0\u00a0Interciencia<\/em>\u00a03<\/strong>\u00a0343 \u2013 349.<\/p>\n

Andrade, J.L., Meinzer, F.C., Goldstein, G. & Schnitzer, S.A. 2005.\u00a0 Water uptake and transport in lianas and co-occurring trees of a seasonally dry forest.\u00a0\u00a0Trees \u2013 structure and function<\/em>.\u00a019<\/strong>\u00a0282 \u2013 289.<\/p>\n

Ashton, P.S. & Hall, P. 1992.\u00a0 Comparisons of structure among dipterocarp forests of northwestern Borneo.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Ecology<\/em>\u00a080<\/strong>\u00a0459 \u2013 481.<\/p>\n

Auxtero, E., van Ranst, E & Sagakami, K. 1996. Properties and related management implications o0f major soils of Bukidom, Philippines.\u00a0\u00a0Soil Science<\/em>\u00a0161<\/strong>\u00a046 \u2013 57.<\/p>\n

Baillie, I. C. 1996.\u00a0 Soils of the humid tropics. In P.W. Richards\u00a0The tropical rain forest: an ecological study.\u00a0 2nd edition<\/em>. pp 256 \u2013 286. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.<\/p>\n

Baillie, I. C. 2001.\u00a0 Book review of \u2018Soil Survey Staff. 1999.\u00a0Soil Taxonomy.\u00a0 Second edition.\u00a0<\/em>Handbook\u00a0436<\/strong>, Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.\u2019\u00a0\u00a0Soil Use<\/em>\u00a0<\/u>& Management<\/em>\u00a017<\/strong>\u00a057 \u2013 60.<\/p>\n

Baillie, I. C. & Mamit, J.D. 1983.\u00a0 Observations on rooting in Mixed Dipterocarp forest, Central Sarawak.\u00a0\u00a0Malaysian Forester<\/em>\u00a046<\/strong>\u00a0369-374.<\/p>\n

Baillie, I.C., Ashton, P.S., Chin, S.P., Davies, S.J., Palmiotto, P.A., Russo, S.E. & Tan S.\u00a0 2006.\u00a0 Spatial associations of humus, nutrients and soils in mixed dipterocarp forest.\u00a0Journal of Tropical Ecology\u00a0<\/em>22<\/strong>543 – 553<\/p>\n

Barberis, I.M. & Tanner, E.V.J. 2005.\u00a0 Gaps and root trenching increase tree seedling growth in a Panamanian semi-evergreen forest.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a086<\/strong>\u00a0667 \u2013 674.<\/p>\n

Becker, P., Rabenold, P.E., Idol, J.R. & Smith, A.P. 1988.\u00a0 Water potential gradients for gaps and slopes in a Panamanian tropical moist forest\u2019s dry season.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Tropical Ecology<\/em>\u00a04<\/strong>\u00a0173 \u2013 184.<\/p>\n

Becker, P. & Anyani, C. 1990.\u00a0 Root architecture of shrubs and saplings in the understory of a tropical moist forest in lowland Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Biotropica<\/em>\u00a022<\/strong>\u00a0242 – 249<\/p>\n

Bennett, H.H. 1926.\u00a0 Some comparisons of the properties of humid-tropical and humid-temperate American soils; with special reference to indicated relations between chemical composition and physical properties.\u00a0\u00a0Soil Science<\/em>\u00a021<\/strong>349 \u2013375.<\/p>\n

Bennett, H.H. 1929.\u00a0 Soil reconnaissance of the Panama Canal Zone and contiguous territory.\u00a0\u00a0USDA Technical Bulletin<\/em>\u00a094<\/strong>, 1 \u2013 46<\/p>\n

Bern, C.R., Townsend, A.R. & Farmer, G.L. 2005.\u00a0 Unexpected dominance of parent-material strontium in a tropical forest on highly weathered soils.\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a086<\/strong>\u00a0626 \u2013 632.<\/p>\n

Bhattacharyya, T., Pal, D.K. & Srivastava, P. 1999.\u00a0 Role of zeolites in the persistence of high altitude ferruginous Alfisols of the humid tropical Western Ghats, India.\u00a0\u00a0Geoderma<\/em>\u00a090<\/strong>\u00a0263 \u2013 276.<\/p>\n

Brenes-Arguedas, T. & Coley, P.D. 2005.\u00a0 Phenotypic variation and structure of secondary chemistry in a natural population of a tropical tree species.\u00a0\u00a0Oikos<\/em>,\u00a0108<\/strong>, 410 \u2013 423.<\/p>\n

Brokaw, N.L.L. 996.\u00a0 Treefalls: frequency, timing and consequences.\u00a0 Pp 101 – 108 in\u00a0Ecology of\u00a0 a tropical rain forest\u00a0<\/em>(Eds E.G. Leigh, Jr,\u00a0 D.M. Rand & D.M Windsor) Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

Brown, S., Lugo, A.E., Silander, S. & Liegel, L. 1983.\u00a0\u00a0Research history and opportunities in the Luquillo Experimental Forest.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0General Technical Report\u00a0SO-44<\/strong>, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, New Orleans.<\/p>\n

Bush, M.K. & Colinvaux, P.A. 1990. A pollen record of a complete glacial cycle from lowland Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Vegetation Science<\/em>,\u00a01<\/strong>, 105 \u2013 188.<\/p>\n

Catapan, 1970.\u00a0 See \u2018Maps & Imagery\u2019 below.<\/p>\n

Cavalier, J. 1992. Fine root biomass and soil properties in a semi-deciduous and a lower montane rain forest in Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Plant & Soil<\/em>\u00a0142<\/strong>, 187 \u2013 201.<\/p>\n

Chadwick, O.A. 2006.\u00a0 Soil development in the Hawaiian Islands.\u00a0\u00a018th World Congress of Soil Science,<\/em>\u00a0Philadelphia.\u00a071-1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chave, J. Condit, R., Lao, S., Caspersen, J.P., Foster, R.B., & Hubbell, S.P. 2003.\u00a0 Spatial and temporal variation of biomass in a tropical forest: results from a large census plot in Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Ecology<\/em>\u00a091<\/strong>, 240 \u2013 252.<\/p>\n

Chorover, J. & Amistadi, M.K. 2001.\u00a0 Reaction of forest floor organic matter at goethite, birnessite and smectite surfaces.\u00a0\u00a0Geochimica & Cosmochimica Acta<\/em>\u00a065<\/strong>\u00a095 \u2013 109.<\/p>\n

Chorover, J., Amistadi, M.K. & Chadwick, O.A. 2004. Surface charge evolution of mineral-organic complexes during pedogenesis Hawaiian basalts.\u00a0\u00a0Geochimica & Cosmochimica Acta<\/em>\u00a068<\/strong>\u00a04859 \u2013 4876.<\/p>\n

Clayden, B. & Hollis, J.M. 1984.\u00a0\u00a0Criteria for differentiating soils series<\/em>. Technical Monograph\u00a017<\/strong>, Soil survey of England & Wales, Harpenden, UK. vi + 159 pp<\/p>\n

Cline, M.G. 1955. Relationships among soils of Hawaii.\u00a0 Pp 67 \u2013 88 in\u00a0\u2018Soil survey. Territory of Hawaii<\/em>. (Ed. M.G. Cline).\u00a0 Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture & Hawaii Agricultural Experimental Station.<\/p>\n

Coates, A.G. & Obando, J.A. 1996. The geologic evolution of the Central American isthmus. Pp 21-56 in \u2018Evolution and environment in Tropical America\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(Jackson, J.B.C., Budd, A.F. & Coates, A.G., Eds), University of Chicago Press, Chicago.<\/p>\n

Colinvaux, P.A. 1996.\u00a0 Quaternary environmental history and forest diversity in the neotropics.\u00a0 Pp 359 \u2013 406.\u00a0 in \u2018Evolution and environment in Tropical America\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(Jackson, J.B.C., Budd, A.F. & Coates, A.G., Eds), University of Chicago Press, Chicago.<\/p>\n

Condit, R. 1998.\u00a0Tropical forest census plots: Methods and results from Barro Colorado Island, Panama and a comparison with other plots.<\/em>\u00a0Springer Verlag, Berlin. xi + 211 pp.<\/p>\n

Condit, R, Hubbell, S. & Foster, R. 1995.\u00a0 Mortality rates of 205 neotropical tree and shrub species and the impact of severe drought.\u00a0\u00a0Ecological Monographs<\/em>\u00a065<\/strong>\u00a0419 \u2013 439.<\/p>\n

Condit, R., Hubbell, S.P. & Foster, R.B. 1996.\u00a0 Changes in tree species abundance in a neotropical forest: impact of climate change.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Tropical Ecology<\/em>\u00a012<\/strong>\u00a0231 – 256.<\/p>\n

Cornejo, F.H., Varela, A. & Wright, S.J. 1994.\u00a0 Tropical forest litter decomposition under seasonal drought,: Nutrient release, fungi and bacteria.\u00a0\u00a0Oikos<\/em>\u00a070<\/strong>\u00a0183 \u2013 190.<\/p>\n

Couto, W., Sanzonwizc & Barcellos, A. de O. 1985.\u00a0 Factors affecting oxidation and reduction processes in an Oxisol with a seasonal water table.\u00a0Soil Science Society of America<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>Journal<\/em>\u00a049<\/strong>\u00a01245 \u2013 1248.<\/p>\n

Croat, T.B. 1978.\u00a0\u00a0Flora of Barro Colorado Island<\/em>.\u00a0 Stanford University Press, Stanford. 943 pp.<\/p>\n

Curi, N. & Franzmeier, D.P. 1987. Effects of parent rocks on chemical and mineralogical properties of some oxisols in Brazil.\u00a0\u00a0Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em>\u00a051<\/strong>\u00a0153\u00a0 – 158.<\/p>\n

Davies, S.J., Tan, S., LaFrankie, J.V., & Potts, M.D. 2005.\u00a0 Soil-related floristic variation in the hyperdiverse dipterocarp forest in Lambir Hills, Sarawak.\u00a0pp 22 \u2013 37 in\u00a0Pollination Ecology and Rain Forest Diversity, Sarawak Studie<\/em>s. (Eds D.W. Roubik, S. Sakai & A., Hamid) Springer-Verlag, New York.<\/p>\n

Daws, M.I., Mullins, C., Burslem, D., Paton, R. & Dalling, J. 2002.\u00a0 Topographic position affects the water regime in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Plant & Soil<\/em>\u00a0238<\/strong>, 79 \u2013 90.<\/p>\n

Deckers, J., Spaargaren, O., Nachtergaele, F., Berdig, F., Ahrens, R., Micheli, E. & Schad, P. 2005.\u00a0 Rationale for the key and the qualifiers of the WRB 2006.\u00a0\u00a0Eurasian Soil Science<\/em>,\u00a038<\/strong>\u00a0Supplement, S6 \u2013 S12.<\/p>\n

Deng, Y.-J., Dixon, J.B. & White, G.N. 2003.\u00a0 Intercalation and surface modification of smectite by two non-ionic surfactants.\u00a0\u00a0Clays and Clay Minerals<\/em>\u00a051<\/strong>\u00a0150 \u2013 161.<\/p>\n

Dent, D. & Young, A. 1981.\u00a0Soil survey and land evaluation<\/em>. George Allen & Unwin, London, UK.<\/p>\n

Dietrich, W.E., Windsor, D.M. & Dunne, T. 1996.\u00a0 Geology, climate and hydrology of Barro Colorado Island.\u00a0 In \u2018The ecology of a tropical forest, Seasonal rhythms and long term changes<\/em>.\u2019 (Eds. Leigh, E.G. Jr., Rand, A.S. & Windsor, D.M.) 2nd edition. Pp 21 \u2013 46. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.<\/p>\n

FAO 1979.\u00a0\u00a0Soil survey investigations for irrigation<\/em>.\u00a0 Soils Bulletin\u00a042<\/strong>, Food & Agriculture Organisation of United nations, Rome, Italy.<\/p>\n

F.A.O. 1998.\u00a0World reference base for soils.<\/em>\u00a0 World Soil Resources Report\u00a084<\/strong>. Food & Agriculture Organisation of United Nations, Rome, Italy.<\/p>\n

Fedoroff, N. & Eswaran, H. 1985. Micromorphology of Ultisols.\u00a0Soil Science Society of America, Special Publication<\/em>\u00a015<\/strong>145 \u2013 164.<\/p>\n

Foote, D.E., Hill, E.L., Nakamura, S. & Stephens, F, 1972.\u00a0\u00a0Soil survey of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai and Lanai, State of Hawaii<\/em>.\u00a0 Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture & University of Hawaii Agricultural Experimental Station.<\/p>\n

Forbes, T., Rossiter, D. & van Wambeke, A. 1984.\u00a0\u00a0Guidelines for evaluating the adequacy of soil resource inventories<\/em>.\u00a0 Soil Survey and Land Evaluation Technical Monograph\u00a04<\/strong>, Soil Management Support Services, Cornell, NY. .<\/p>\n

Foster, R.B. &\u00a0 Brokaw, N.L.L\u00a0 1996. Structure and history of the vegetation of Barro Colorado Island. Pp 67 – 82 in\u00a0Ecology of\u00a0 a tropical rain forest\u00a0<\/em>(Eds E.G. Leigh, Jr,\u00a0 D.M. Rand & D.M Windsor) Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

Gunatilleke, C.V.S., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Esufali, S., Ashton, P.M.S., Burslem, D.F.R.P. & Ashton, P.S.\u00a0 2006.\u00a0 Species – habitat associations in a Sri Lankan dipterocarp forest.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Tropical Ecology<\/em>\u00a022<\/strong>\u00a0371 \u2013 384.<\/p>\n

Hare, P.W. & Gardner, T.W. 1985.\u00a0 Geomorphic indications of vertical neo-tectonism along converging plate margins, Nicoya Peninsula, Cost Rica. In \u2018Tectonic geomorphology\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(Eds. Morisawa, M., & Hack, J.T.), pp 75 \u2013104.\u00a0 Allen & Unwin, Boston, USA.<\/p>\n

Harms, K., Condit, R., Hubbell, S.P. & Foster, R.B. 2001.\u00a0 Habitat associations of trees and shrubs in a 50 ha neotropical forest plot.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Ecology<\/em>\u00a089<\/strong>, 947 \u2013 959.<\/p>\n

Harms. K.E., Powers, J.S. & Montgomery, R.E. 2004.\u00a0 Variation in small sapling density, understorey cover, and resource availability in four neotropical forest.\u00a0Biotropica<\/em>\u00a036<\/strong>\u00a040 \u2013 51.<\/p>\n

Hedin, L.O., Vitousek, P.M & Mason, P.A. 2003.\u00a0 Pathways and implications of nutrient loss during four million years of tropical forest ecosystem development.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a084<\/strong>\u00a02231 \u2013 2235.<\/p>\n

Hudson, B.D. 1992.\u00a0 The soil survey as paradigm-based science.\u00a0Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em>\u00a056<\/strong>, 836 -841<\/p>\n

Hue, N.V., Vega, S. & Silva, J.A. 2001.\u00a0 Manganese toxicity in a Hawaiian oxisol affected by soil pH and organic amendments.\u00a0\u00a0Soils Science Society of America<\/em>\u00a065<\/strong>\u00a0153 \u2013 160.<\/p>\n

Jackson, P.C., Cavelier, J., Goldstein, G., Meinzer, F.C. & Holbrook, N.M. 1995.\u00a0 Partitioning of water resources among [plants of a lowland tropical forest.\u00a0\u00a0Oecologia<\/em>\u00a0101<\/strong>, 197 – 203<\/p>\n

Jannet, R., Guillet, B., Robert, M., Ranger, J, & Veneau, G. 1996.\u00a0 Study of current dynamics of soils from a podzol-oxisol sequence in Tahiti (French Polynesia) using the test mineral technique.\u00a0\u00a0Geoderma<\/em>\u00a073<\/strong>\u00a0107 \u2013 124.<\/p>\n

Jenny, H. 1980.\u00a0\u00a0The soil resources: origin and behaviour<\/em>.\u00a0 Springer Verlag, New York, USA. xx + 377 pp.<\/p>\n

John, R., Dalling, J.W., Harms, K.E., Yavitt, J.B., Stallard, R.F., Mirabello, M., Hubbell, S.P., Valencia, R., Navraette, H., Vellejo, M. & Foster, R.B. 2007.\u00a0 Soil nutrients influence spatial distribution of tropical tees species.\u00a0\u00a0Proceedings of National Academy of Science<\/em>\u00a0104<\/strong>\u00a0864 \u2013869.<\/p>\n

Johnson, D.W. & Todd, D.E. 1983.\u00a0 Relationships among iron, aluminium, carbon and sulfate in a variety of forest soils.\u00a0\u00a0Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em>.\u00a047<\/strong>\u00a0792 \u2013 800.<\/p>\n

Johnsson M.J. & Stallard, R.F. 1989. Physiographic controls on the composition of sediments derived from volcanic and sedimentary terrains on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Sedimentary Petrology<\/em>\u00a059<\/strong>, 768 \u2013 781.<\/p>\n

Karathanasis, A.D. & Hajek, B.F. 1983.\u00a0 Transformation of smectite to kaolinite in naturally acid soil systems.\u00a0 Structural and thermodynamic considerations.\u00a0Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em>\u00a047<\/strong>\u00a0158 – 163<\/p>\n

Karathanasis, A.D. & Hajek, B.F. 1985.\u00a0 Shrink-swell potential of montmorillonitic soils in udic moisture regimes.\u00a0Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em>\u00a049<\/strong>\u00a0159 \u2013 166.<\/p>\n

Kaufmann, S., Sombroek, W. & Mantel, S. 1998.\u00a0 Soils of rain forests: characterisation and major constraints of dominant forest soils in the humid tropics.\u00a0 Pp 10 \u2013 28 in: \u2018Soils of tropical forest ecosystems<\/em>. (Eds S. Schulte & D. Ruhiyat), Springer, Berlin.<\/p>\n

Klingebiel, A.A. & Montgomery, P.H. 1961.\u00a0\u00a0Land capability classification<\/em>. Soil Conservation Handbook\u00a0210<\/strong>, US Department pf Agriculture, Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

Knight, D.H. 1975.\u00a0 A phytosociological analysis of species-rich tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Ecological Monographs<\/em>\u00a045<\/strong>, 259 \u2013 284.<\/p>\n

Kursar, T.A. 1989.\u00a0 Evaluation of soil respiration and soil CO2\u00a0 concentration in a lowland tropical moist forest in Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Plant and Soil<\/em>\u00a0113<\/strong>\u00a021 \u2013 29.<\/p>\n

Kursar, T.A., Wright, S.J. & Radulovich, R. 1995.\u00a0 The effects of the rainy season and irrigation on soil water and oxygen in a seasonal forest in Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Journal of Tropical Ecology<\/em>\u00a011<\/strong>, 497 \u2013 515.<\/p>\n

Landon, J.R. (ed.) 1984.\u00a0\u00a0Booker tropical soil manual<\/em>.\u00a0 Booker Agriculture International, London & Longman, Harlow.\u00a0 xiv + 450 pp.<\/p>\n

Lee, H.S., Ashton, P.S., Yamakura, T., Tan, S., Davies, S.J., Itoh, A., Chai, E.O.K., Okhubo. & LaFrankie, J.V. 2002.\u00a0\u00a0The 52-hectare research plot at Lambir Hills, Sarawak, Malaysia: The distribution maps, diameter tables, and species documentation<\/em>.\u00a0 Sarawak Forestry Department, Kuching, Malaysia; Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge MA.<\/p>\n

Legros, J.-P. 2006.\u00a0\u00a0Mapping the soil<\/em>. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.<\/p>\n

Leigh, E.G. Jr 1999.\u00a0\u00a0Tropical forest ecology: a view from Barro Colorado Island<\/em>.\u00a0 Oxford University Press, New York. xvi + 245 pp.<\/p>\n

Leigh, E.G. Jr, Rand, A.S. & Windsor, D.M. (Eds.) 1996.\u00a0The ecology of a tropical forest: seasonal rhythms and long-term changes. 2nd edition.<\/em>\u00a0 Smithsonian Institution Press Washington, DC. 468pp.<\/p>\n

Leigh E.G Jr, Davidar, P., Dick, C.W., Puyravaud, J.P., Terborgh, J., ter Steege, H. & Wright, S.J.\u00a0 2004.\u00a0 Why do some tropical forests have so many species of trees?\u00a0\u00a0Biotropica<\/em>,\u00a036<\/strong>, 447 \u2013 473.<\/p>\n

Leinweber, P., Preu, C. & Jankin, C. 1998.\u00a0 Classification and properties of soil under different land use types in southwest Sri Lanka.\u00a0\u00a0Advances in Geoecology<\/em>,\u00a031<\/strong>, 113 \u2013 119.<\/p>\n

MacVicar, C.N. (ed.) 1991.\u00a0\u00a0Soil classification .A taxonomic system for South Africa<\/em>. Second Edition. Memoir\u00a015<\/strong>, Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria.<\/p>\n

Mapa, R. B., Somasiri, S. & Nagarajah, S. (Eds.), 1999.\u00a0\u00a0Soils of the wet zone of Sri Lanka<\/em>.\u00a0 Special Publication\u00a01<\/strong>, Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka, Colombo.<\/p>\n

Meinzer, F.C, Andrade, J.L., Goldstein, G., Holbrook, N.M., Cavelier, J. &. Wright, S.J. 2004.\u00a0 Partitioning of water among canopy trees in a seasonally dry tropical forest.\u00a0\u00a0Oecologia<\/em>,\u00a0121<\/strong>, 293 \u2013 301.<\/p>\n

Mikutta, R., Kleber, M. & Jahn, R. 2005.\u00a0 Poorly crystalline minerals protect organic carbon in clay subfractions from acid subsoil horizons.\u00a0\u00a0Geoderma<\/em>\u00a0128<\/strong>\u00a0106 \u2013 115.<\/p>\n

Mulkey, S.S., Wright, S.J. & Smith, A.P.\u00a0 1991.\u00a0 Drought acclimation of an understorey shrub (Psychotria limonensis<\/em>, Rubiaceae) in a seasonally dry tropical forest.\u00a0\u00a0American Journal of Botany<\/em>\u00a078<\/strong>\u00a0579 \u2013 587.<\/p>\n

Naidu, R., Kirkman, J.H & Morrison, R.J. 1987. Mineralogy of soils from basaltic ash, Taveuni, Fiji.\u00a0\u00a0Geoderma<\/em>\u00a039<\/strong>\u00a0181 \u2013 192.<\/p>\n

Nepstad, D.C., de Carvalho, C.R., Davidson, E.A. Jipp, P.H., Lefebra, P.A. , Negreiros, G.H., da Silva, E.D., Stone, T.A., Trumbore, S.E. & Viera, S. 1994.\u00a0 The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures.\u00a0\u00a0Nature<\/em>\u00a0372<\/strong>\u00a0666 \u2013 669.<\/p>\n

Nieuwenhuyse, A., Verburg, P.S.T. & Jongmans, A.G. 2005.\u00a0 Mineralogy of a soil chronosequence on andesitic lava in humid tropical Costa Rica.\u00a0\u00a0Geoderma<\/em>,\u00a098<\/strong>, 61 \u2013 83.<\/p>\n

Ocana, G., Rubinoff, I, Smythe, N. & Werner, D. 1988.\u00a0 Alternatives to destruction.\u00a0 Research in Panama.\u00a0 In \u2018Biodiversity<\/em>\u2019 (Ed. Wilson, E.O.) pp 370 \u2013 376. National Academy of Science, Washington.<\/p>\n

Pleysier, J.L., Juo, A.S.R. & Herbillon, A.J. 1979.\u00a0 Ion exchange equilibria involving aluminum in a kaolinitic Ultisol.\u00a0\u00a0Soil Science Society of America Journa<\/em>l,\u00a043<\/strong>, 875 \u2013 880.<\/p>\n

Porder, S., Clark, D.A. & Vitousek, P.M. 2006.\u00a0 Persistence of rock-derived nutrients in the wet tropical forests of La Selva, Cost Rica.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a087<\/strong>\u00a0594 \u2013 602.<\/p>\n

Poszwa, A., Dambrine, E., Ferry, B., Pollier, B. & Louber M. 2002.\u00a0 Do deep roots provide nutrients to the tropical rainforest?\u00a0Biogeochemistry<\/em>\u00a060<\/strong>\u00a097 \u2013 118.<\/p>\n

Potts, M.D., Ashton, P.S., Kaufman, L.S. & Plotkin, J.B. 2002.\u00a0 Habitat patterns in tropical rain forests:\u00a0 A comparison of 105 plots in northwest Borneo.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a083<\/strong>: 2782 \u2013 2797.<\/p>\n

Pringle, C.M. 1991.\u00a0 Geothermally modified waters surface at La Selva, Cost a Rica: volcanic processes introduce chemical discontinuities in lowland tropical streams.\u00a0\u00a0Biotropica<\/em>\u00a023<\/strong>\u00a0523 \u2013 529.<\/p>\n

Putz, F.E., 1983.\u00a0 Treefall pits and mounds, buries seeds and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a064<\/strong>\u00a01069 \u2013 1074.<\/p>\n

Putz, F.E., Coley, P.D., Lu, K., Montalvo, A. & Aiello, A. 1983.\u00a0 Uprooting and snapping of tree; Structural determinants and ecological consequences.\u00a0\u00a0Canadian Journal of Forestry Research<\/em>.\u00a013<\/strong>\u00a01011 \u2013 1020.<\/p>\n

Putz, F.E., Coley, P.D., Lu, A., Montalvo, A. & Aiello, A. 1985.\u00a0 Uprooting and snapping of tree on Barro Colorado Island.\u00a0 In\u00a0\u2019The botany and natural history of Panama\u2019<\/em>. (Eds. W.G. D\u2019Arcy &M.D. Correa). Missouri Botanical Gardens, St Louis, MO.\u00a0 X11 + 455 pp.<\/p>\n

Righi, D., Dinel, H., Schulten, H.-R. & Schnitzer, M. 1995.\u00a0 Characterisation of clay-organic matter complexes resistant to oxidation by peroxide. European Journal of Soil Science\u00a046<\/strong>\u00a0423 \u2013 429.<\/em><\/p>\n

Roberts, R.C.\u00a0et 26 al<\/em>. 1942.\u00a0\u00a0Soil survey Puerto Rico<\/em>. Series\u00a01936 # 8<\/strong>, Bureau of Plant Industry, U S Department of Agriculture & Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Puerto Rico,<\/p>\n

Rubinoff, I. & Leigh, E.G. Jr.1990.\u00a0 Dealing with diversity: the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and tropical biology.\u00a0\u00a0Trends in Ecology & Evolution<\/em>\u00a05<\/strong>. 115 \u2013 118.<\/p>\n

Russo, S.E., Davies, S.J., King, D.A. & Tan, S. 2005. Soil-related performance variation and species\u2019 distribution patterns in a Bornean rain forest.\u00a0Journal of Ecology\u00a0<\/em>93<\/strong>: 879 \u2013 889.<\/p>\n

Santiago, L.S., Schuur, E.A.G. & Silvera, K. 2005.\u00a0 Nutrient cycling and plant-soil feedbacks along a precipitation gradient in lowland Panama.<\/p>\n

Schoenberger, P.J., Wysozki, D.A., Benham, E.C. & Broderson, W.D. 1998.\u00a0\u00a0Field book for describing and sampling soils<\/em>.\u00a0 National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, NE.<\/p>\n

Schwendenmann, L., Veldkamp, E., Brenes, T., O\u2019Brien, J.J. & Mackensen, J. 2003.\u00a0 Spatial and temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux in old growth tropical neotropical rainforest, La Selva, Cost Rica.\u00a0\u00a0Biogeochemistry<\/em>\u00a064<\/strong>\u00a0111 \u2013 128.<\/p>\n

Schirrmeister, L.\u00a0 & St\u00f6rr, M. 1994.\u00a0 The weathering of basaltic rocks in Burundi and Vietnam.\u00a0Catena<\/em>\u00a021<\/strong>\u00a0243 \u2013 256.<\/p>\n

Sieffermann, G. & Milliot, G. 1969.\u00a0 Equatorial and tropical weathering of recent basalts from Cameroon: allophane, halloysite, metahalloysite, kaolinite and gibbsite.\u00a0 Pp 417 \u2013 430 in\u00a0Proceedings International Clay Conference, Tokyo<\/em>(Ed. L Heller).\u00a0 Israel University Press, Jerusalem.<\/p>\n

Silver, W.L., Neff, J., McGroddy, M., Veldkamp, E., Keller, M. & Cosme, R. 2000.\u00a0 Effects of soil texture on below ground carbon and nutrient storage in a lowland Amazonian rain forest.\u00a0\u00a0Ecosystems<\/em>\u00a03<\/strong>\u00a0193 \u20130 209.<\/p>\n

Soepraptohardtjo, M & Isamangun. 1980.\u00a0 Classification of red soils in Indonesia by Soil Research Institute.\u00a0\u00a0In:<\/em>\u00a0 P. Buurman\u00a0e<\/em>d.,\u00a0Red soils in Indonesia<\/em>, 15 \u2013 22. Bulletin\u00a05<\/strong>. \u00a0Soil Research Institute, Bogor.<\/p>\n

Soil Survey Staff (1975).\u00a0\u00a0Soil Taxonomy<\/em>.\u00a0 Agricultural Handbook\u00a0436<\/strong>, US Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC.<\/p>\n

Soil Survey Staff, 1993.\u00a0\u00a0Soil survey manual<\/em>. Handbook\u00a018<\/strong>, National Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA<\/p>\n

Soil Survey Staff, 1999.\u00a0Soil Taxonomy. 2nd edition<\/em>.\u00a0 Agricultural Handbook\u00a0436<\/strong>, United States Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C.<\/p>\n

Soil Survey Staff, 2006.\u00a0 Keys to Soil<\/em>\u00a0Taxonomy<\/em>.\u00a010th edition<\/em>.\u00a0 United States Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C.<\/p>\n

Sollins, P., Sancho, F., Mata, R. & Sanford, R.L. 1994.\u00a0 Soils and soil process research.\u00a0\u00a0In<\/em>: A. McDade, K.S. Bawa, H. Hespenheide & G.S. Hartshorn,\u00a0 Eds.,\u00a0La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rainforest<\/em>, 34 \u2013 53.\u00a0 University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Sombroek, W.G. & Siderius, W. 1981.\u00a0 Nitosols, a quest for significant diagnostic criteria.\u00a0 pp 11 \u2013 31 in\u00a0Annual Repor\u2019<\/em>\u00a0International Soil Museum, Wageningen.<\/p>\n

STRI 1987.\u00a0The Barro Colorado Nature Monument<\/em>.\u00a0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City.<\/p>\n

Svenning, J.C., Kinner, D.A., Stallard, R.F., Engelbrecht, B.J.M. & Wright, S.J. 2004.\u00a0 Ecological determinism in plant community structure across a tropical forest landscape.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a085<\/strong>\u00a02526 \u2013 2538.<\/p>\n

Thompson, J., Brokaw, N., Zimmerman, J. K., Waide, R.B., Everham, E,B, & Schaefer, D. A. 2004.\u00a0 Luquillo forest dynamic plot, Puerto Rico, United States.\u00a0 Pp 540 \u2013 550 in\u00a0Tropical forest diversity and dynamism\u00a0<\/em>(Eds E.C. Losos & E.G. Leigh).\u00a0 Univesity of Chicago Press, Chicago.<\/p>\n

USGS , 1980. \u2013 see \u2018Maps & Imagery \u2018 below.<\/p>\n

Veldkamp, E., Huising, E.J., Stein, A. & Bouma, J. 1990.\u00a0 Variation of measured banana yields in a Costa Rica plantation as explained by soil survey and Thematic Mapper data.\u00a0Geoderma<\/em>\u00a047<\/strong>\u00a0337 \u2013 348.<\/p>\n

Veldkamp, E., Becker, A., Schwendenmann, L., Cark, D.A. & Schulte-Bisping, H. 2003.\u00a0 Substantial labile carbon stocks and microbial activity in deeply weathe5red soils below a trop[ical forest.\u00a0 Global Change Biology<\/em>\u00a09<\/strong>\u00a01171 \u2013 1184.<\/p>\n

Vitousek, P. 2004.\u00a0Nutrient cycling and limitation, Hawai\u2019i as a model system<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.<\/p>\n

Wada, K, Henmi, T. Yoshinaga, N. & Patterson, S.H. 1972.\u00a0 Imogolite and allophane formed in saprolite on basalt on Maui, Hawaii.\u00a0\u00a0Clays & Clay Minerals<\/em>\u00a020<\/strong>\u00a0375 \u2013 380.<\/p>\n

Wattel-Koekkoek, E.J.W., Buurman, P., van der Plicht, J., Wattel, E. & van Breemen, N. 2003. Mean residence time of soil organic matter associated with kaolinite and smectite.\u00a0\u00a0European Journal of Soil Science<\/em>\u00a054<\/strong>\u00a0269 \u2013 278.<\/p>\n

White, F. 1985.\u00a0\u00a0The vegetation of Africa<\/em>. United Nations Educational & Scientific Organisation, Paris.<\/p>\n

Wieder, R.K. & Wright, S.J. 1995.\u00a0 Tropical forest litter dynamics and dry season irrigation on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a076<\/strong>\u00a01971 \u2013 1979.<\/p>\n

Windsor, D.M. 1990.\u00a0 Climate and moisture variability in a tropical forest: long term records from Barro Colorado Island, Panama.\u00a0 Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Science\u00a029<\/strong>\u00a01 \u2013148.<\/p>\n

Woodring, W. P. 1958. Geology of Barro Colorado Island.\u00a0\u00a0Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections<\/em>.\u00a0135<\/strong>\u00a01 \u2013 39.<\/p>\n

Wright, A.C.S., Romney, D. H., Arbuckle, R.J. & Viall, V.N. 1959.\u00a0Land in British Honduras<\/em>.<\/strong>\u00a0Research Publication\u00a024<\/strong>. Colonial Office, London.<\/p>\n

Wright, S.J & Cornejo, F.H. 1990.\u00a0 Seasonal drought and leaf fall in a tropical forest.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a071<\/strong>\u00a01165 \u2013 1175.<\/p>\n

Wright, S.J. 1991.\u00a0 Seasonal drought and the phenology of understory shrubs in a tropical moist forest.\u00a0\u00a0Ecology<\/em>\u00a072<\/strong>1643 \u2013 1657.<\/p>\n

Wright, S.J. 1992.\u00a0 Seasonal drought, soil fertility and the species\u2019 diversity of tropical plant communities.\u00a0\u00a0Trends in Ecology and Evolution<\/em>\u00a07<\/strong>\u00a0260 \u2013263.<\/p>\n

Wright, S.J., Machado, J.L., Mulkey, S.S. & Smith, A.P.\u00a0 1992.\u00a0 drought acclimation among tropical forest shrubs (Psychotria<\/em>, Rubiaceae).\u00a0\u00a0Oecologia<\/em>\u00a089<\/strong>\u00a0457 \u2013 463.<\/p>\n

Yamashita, T., Kasya, N., Kadir, W.R.., Chik, S.W.., Seng, G.E. & Okuda, T. 2003.\u00a0 Soils and below ground characteristics of Pasoh Forest Reserve.\u00a0 pp 89 – 109 in\u00a0\u00a0Pasoh. Ecology of a lowland rain forest in Southeast Asia.<\/em>(Eds T Okuda, N Manokaran, Y Matsumoto, K Niiyama, & P.S. Ashton), Springer, Tokyo.<\/p>\n

Yavitt, J.B. 2000.\u00a0 Nutrient dynamics of soil derived from different parent materials on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.\u00a0Biotropica<\/em>\u00a032<\/strong>\u00a0198 – 207.<\/p>\n

Yavitt, J.B., Wieder, R.K. & Wright, S.J. 1993.\u00a0 Soil nutrient dynamics in response to irrigation of a Panamanian tropical moist forest.\u00a0\u00a0Biogeochemistry<\/em>\u00a019<\/strong>\u00a01-25.<\/p>\n

Yavitt, J.B. & Wieder, R.K. 1988.\u00a0 Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur properties of some forest soils on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Biotropica<\/em>\u00a020<\/strong>\u00a02-10.<\/p>\n

Yavitt, J.B. & Wright, S.J. 1996.\u00a0 Temporal patterns of soil nutrients in a Panamanian moist forest revealed by ion-exchange resin and experimental irrigation.\u00a0\u00a0Plant & Soil<\/em>\u00a0183<\/strong>\u00a0117 \u2013 129.<\/p>\n

Yavitt, J.B. & Wright, S.J. 2001.\u00a0 Drought and irrigation effects on fine root dynamics in a tropical moist forest.\u00a0Biotropica<\/em>\u00a033<\/strong>\u00a0421 \u2013 434,<\/p>\n

Yavitt, J.B. & Wright, S.J. 2002.\u00a0 Charge characteristics of soil in a lowland tropical moist forest in Panama in response to dry-season irrigation.\u00a0\u00a0Australian Journal of Soil Research<\/em>\u00a040<\/strong>\u00a0269 \u2013 281.,<\/p>\n

Yavitt, J.B. & Wright, S.J. & Wieder, R.K 2004.\u00a0 Seasonal drought and dry season irrigation influence leaf litter, nutrients and soil enzymes in a moist lowland forest in Panama.\u00a0\u00a0Australian Ecology<\/em>\u00a029<\/strong>\u00a0177 \u2013 188.<\/p>\n

Young, A. 1976.\u00a0\u00a0Tropical soils and soil survey<\/em>.\u00a0 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Maps & imagery<\/h3>\n

ARI, 1996.\u00a0Land use and natural resources<\/em>\u00a01:125 000. Autoridade Regional Inter-oceanico, Panama.<\/p>\n

Catapan, 1970.\u00a0\u00a0Soil maps 1:100 000 & 1:20 000<\/em>. Jacobs & Co for CRA-Catapan, MIDA, Santiago, Panama.<\/p>\n

Google Earth, 2007.<\/p>\n

IGN 1975.\u00a0\u00a0National Atlas<\/em>.\u00a0 Instituto Geografico Nacional Tommy Guardia, Panama.<\/p>\n

IGN 1984.\u00a0 1:50 000 topographic sheets based on US Army Map Service 1:25 000 (1963) series.\u00a0 Instituto Geografico Nacional Tommy Guardia, Panama.<\/p>\n

RoP,1996.\u00a0Protected ares in the Canal Zone 1:375 000<\/em>. Republic of Panama.<\/p>\n

RoP, 1970.\u00a0\u00a0Ecological map of Panama<\/em>.\u00a0 1:500 000.\u00a0 Republic of Panama & United Nations Development Programme.<\/p>\n

USGS , 1980.\u00a0Geologic map of the Panama Canal and vicinity, Republic of Panama<\/em>.\u00a0 Map\u00a0I-1232.<\/strong>\u00a0 US Geological Survey, Washington DC.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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