{"id":98,"date":"2019-07-18T16:36:35","date_gmt":"2019-07-18T16:36:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/striresearch.si.edu\/bci-soil-map\/?page_id=98"},"modified":"2019-07-19T15:15:24","modified_gmt":"2019-07-19T15:15:24","slug":"methods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/striresearch.si.edu\/bci-soil-map\/content\/methods\/","title":{"rendered":"Methods"},"content":{"rendered":"

Field<\/h2>\n

The soil map is based on 484 dedicated soil survey auger observations at 443 sites and 30 detailed soil profile descriptions.\u00a0 The augering for the soil survey was done in three stages \u2013 main survey, boundary checking, and spatial variability testing (Table 4.1).<\/p>\n

There are a further 273 sites at which the soil classes were identified by members of the soil survey team in the course of other studies (e.g. Barthold, F., R.F. Stallard, and H. Elsenbeer. 2007. Soil nutrients and landscape relationships in a lowland tropical rainforest in Panama. Submitted to\u00a0Forest<\/em>\u00a0Ecology &. Management.<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Soils classes have been identified in > 750 observations at > 700 sites (Figure 4.1), giving a density of slightly less than 0.5 per hectare.\u00a0 This qualifies the survey as 2nd order (Soil Survey Staff, 1997; Schoenberger\u00a0et al.<\/em>\u00a01998), level 2 detailed (Dent & Young, 1981), detailed (FAO, 1979) or semi-detailed (Landon, 1991).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table – Summary of soil auger observations, 2005-6<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Date of fieldwork<\/th>\nDesignation<\/th>\nPurpose<\/th>\nBasis of location<\/th>\nNumber<\/th>\nData collected<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Sites<\/th>\nAugerings*<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
March \u2013 April 2005<\/td>\nMain survey<\/td>\nEstablishment of soil classes & soil mapping units, & drafting soil boundaries<\/td>\nSubjective free survey; mainly short topographic transects from trail markers<\/td>\n\n

326<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

357<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Site & horizon description to 1.5 – 2 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
April 2005\u2013 March 2006<\/td>\nBoundary check<\/td>\nRefinement of soil boundaries<\/td>\nSubjective, in areas of pedocartographic uncertainty<\/td>\n\n

67<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

69<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Site & horizon description to 1 m, and soil class ID<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
March 2006<\/td>\nTest<\/td>\nValidation and quantification of the variability of mapping units<\/td>\n7 sites in major mapping units; with 8 nested dumbbell random walk augerings at 1, 10 & 100 m intervals at each site.<\/td>\n\n

56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 58<\/td>\nSite & horizon description to 1 m and soil class ID<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Additional auger data from non-soil survey projects<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
May \u2013 September 2005<\/td>\nSoil nutrients
\nSOC & clay mineral studies<\/td>\n		Characterisation of soils sampled<\/td>\nStratified random<\/td>\n\n

273<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

273<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Soil class identified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* Some sites have multiple augerings where shallow stones stopped first attempts<\/em><\/p>\n

The soils were examined in the main survey on a free survey basis, with sites subjectively chosen where forest and landscape indicate soil differences (Jenny 1980; Hudson, 1992).\u00a0 We used the trail network and 100 m markers for access and navigation, and most augerings were near trails. The trails tend to follow ridge and spur crests, especially in the steeper terrain in the northern part of the island, although Svenning\u00a0et al.<\/em>\u00a0(2004) found that the topographic bias of the trail system is less than first appears. Nonetheless, we consciously avoided the tendency to over-sample ridges and upper slopes by augering along short topographic transects, usually at three points \u2013 crest, midslope and drainage line\/lakeshore \u2013 orthogonal to the trails at the subjectively chosen points.\u00a0 The additional check augerings in 2005 were sited subjectively to resolve particular problems of soil boundary location on the draft map.<\/p>\n

The density of augerings was higher in areas of particular ecological and hydrological research interest. Such as the 50 ha LTER plot, and the catchment of Lutz Creek and the upper catchment of Conrad Creek.\u00a0 This means that the soils of the andesite plateau and the northern outcrop of the Caimito marine facies are sampled at higher than average densities.
\nMorphological variation within soil mapping units test was characterised in 2006 at seven sites, at each of which eight soil augerings were positioned at 1, 10 and 100 m intervals in nested, random-bearing, dumbbell patterns (Figure 4.2).\u00a0 These observations were intended to determine the proportions of main and minor soil classes in the soil-mapping units. (Forbes\u00a0et al.<\/em>\u00a01984), and the spatial scale of soil morphological variation.<\/p>\n

All augerings were done with 7 cm diameter Terrasystem (USA) or Edelman (Eijkelkamp, Netherlands) augers.\u00a0 Because the BCI dry season imposes moisture stress on the vegetation, particular attention was given to the depth of the lithic\/paralithic contact and nature of the sub-solum material.\u00a0 Some soils were augered to 2m in the main survey, and the rest to 1.5m, unless stopped by unequivocal saprolite or hard stones.\u00a0 Where augering was stopped at less than 50 cm by hard stones, up to two further attempts were made nearby (at < 3m).<\/p>\n

Auger descriptions included matrix colour, mottles, hand texture, stones, concretions, moisture content and auger consistence for all natural horizons.\u00a0 Hand texturing tends to overestimate silt contents in humid tropical fine textured soils (Akamigbo, 1984).\u00a0 However, the high silt estimates in our field textures are corroborated by laboratory analyses, even with intensive dithionite dispersion. Our field estimates of moderate \u2013 high clay contents are corroborated by laboratory data for both sedimentation and water retention (Soil Survey Staff, 1999).<\/p>\n

We more fully characterised the main soil classes (FAO, 1990; Soil Survey Staff 1993) in 30 subjectively sited soil profile pits.\u00a0 These were dug to depths of 1.5 \u2013 1.7m, with augering to a further 2m in the bases, giving total observation depths > 3.5m where necessary.\u00a0 The pit faces were sampled in the topsoil and then by 10 cm depth increments.\u00a0 The augerings in the bases were not sampled.\u00a0 The samples were oven-dried at 60\u00ba C on BCI until touch-dry.\u00a0 The dried samples were subdivided, with half of each going to the BCI archive, and half to Germany.<\/p>\n

Linked interactive databases with the full profile, auger and analytical data will be posted on the STRI website.\u00a0 They will be freely available, on the understanding that the data were collected at subjectively chosen sites for a free soil survey.\u00a0 People wishing to do statistical analyses of soil attributes for other studies will often need to collect their own data.<\/p>\n

Soil Mapping<\/h2>\n

\"Augerings,<\/p>\n

\"Nested<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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