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Summary of Hydrology Site Information
for the Agua Salud Project
Describing Status with Recommendations

11 June 2010
Robert F. Stallard and Fred L. Ogden

This summary was assembled by Robert Stallard, US Geological Survey / STRI and Fred Ogden of the University of Wyoming.  For each site, we summarize the site and what is installed at that site.

The sites in this report are arranged by the regional catchment in which they are embedded, and a site code is given based on the regional catchment and site type:  Río Agua Salud discharge = QAS##W##; Río Mendosa discharge = QME##W##, PRORENA or Río Agua Buena discharge = QAB##W##; Ciudad del Arbol or Río Chilibrillo = QCA##W##, and meteorology sites = MET##TXT.  In essence the first part is a Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC), and the second part is an instrument assemblage (weir, well, whatever).

Río Aqua Salud, Weir 1 — QAS01W01
Río Agua Salud 1

QAS01W01:  “Río Aqua Salud, Weir 1” is on the Río Agua Salud.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.20347N, 79.78400W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E633569, N1017367.  Site elevation is 50m.  The catchment has a mixed cover, about half mature forest and half a mixed agricultural landscape, with its area to be determined.  The site is accessed by way of Pipeline Road.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Río Aqua Salud, Weir 1 is located at the drivable end of Pipeline Road, approximately 80 m upstream from the bridge.  It is a large concrete weir with low-flow weir box.  The steel-plate 90-degree sharp-edged weir was installed in the low-flow weir box in March, 2009.  On 3 March, 2007, an In-Situ LevelTroll model 300, 206 kPa (30 psi) absolute pressure transducer was enclosed in steel pipe housing and was buried in sand at intersection of the following points:  5 m from upstream corner of stilling well house, and 4 m downstream from tree on right bank (looking downstream).  Burial depth was approximately 70 cm.  The low-flow weir box is connected to a stilling well inside the stilling well house.  An In-Situ LevelTroll model 300, 206 kPa (30 psi) absolute pressure transducer was installed in the stilling well, inside the stilling well house, in May 2009.

Site Requirements and recommendations:  This site is difficult to access in the wet season.  Telemetry should be explored.  Low landscape position and dense vegetation in the vicinity make telemetry unlikely without a tower at the site.  This site is ideal for real-time-data access to establish the general hydrologic state of the Agua Salud system.  This site would be suitable for satellite telemetry through the USGS hydrologic network.

Río Aqua Salud, Weir 2 — QAS02W02
Río Agua Salud 2

QAS02W02:  “Río Aqua Salud, Weir 2” is on the Río Agua Salud, first right bank tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.20893N, 79.77950W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E634025, N1018001.  Site elevation is 87m.  The catchment has a mature forest cover with an area of 132 ha.  The site is accessed by way of Pipeline Road, and is approximately one km upstream from Rio Agua Salud Weir 1.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Río Aqua Salud, Weir 2 is located on the first large tributary to the Río Agua Salud entering on the right bank upstream from Weir 1.  It is a large concrete weir with low-flow weir box.  The 90-degree sharp-edged steel-plate weir was installed in the low-flow weir box in March, 2009.  An In-Situ LevelTroll model 300, 206 kPa (30 psi) absolute sensor was enclosed in steel pipe housing and attached to a steel pole supporting the ISCO sampler approximately 2 m upstream from weir face.  The sensor was installed 3 March, 2007.  An identical pressure transducer was installed inside steel enclosure bolted to the inside of the low-flow weir box in May, 2009.  Two rain gages were installed in a clearing created by tree-fall very near the weir in May, 2010.

Site Requirements and recommendations:  This site is difficult to access in the wet season.  Telemetry should be explored, although low landscape position and dense vegetation make this unlikely without a tower.

Río Aqua Salud, Weir 3 — QAS03W03
Río Agua Salud 3

QAS03W03:  “Río Aqua Salud, Weir 3” is on the Río Agua Salud, second right bank tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.21860N, 79.77047W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E635051, N1019045.  Site elevation is 75m.  The catchment has approximately 50% young secondary succession with the remaining various deforested covers, with an area of 153 ha.  The site is accessed by way of Pto. Limon, Pipeline road, or El Jiral.  Wet season access to trailheads is by foot.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Río Aqua Salud, Weir 3 is located on the main stem of the Río Agua Salud at the boundary of Soberania National Park.  It has a large concrete weir with low-flow weir box.  The 90-degree sharp-edged steel-plate weir was installed in March, 2009.  In-Situ LevelTroll 206 kPa (30 psi) absolute pressure sensor is installed in steel pipe housing that is bolted to the vertical support for the ISCO sampler pipe, approximately 2 m upstream from the high-flow weir face on the right-bank.  The site was first instrumented with a 206 kPa In-Situ LevelTroll non-vented pressure transducer in March, 2007.  The sensor failed shortly after installation.  It was replaced June, 2008, with new sensor.  An identical pressure transducer was installed inside a steel enclosure bolted to the inside of the low-flow weir box, in April, 2009.  This subcatchment has a rain gage in its headwaters.

Site Requirements and recommendations:  This site is difficult to access in the wet season.  Telemetry should be explored, though low landscape position and dense forest make this unlikely without a tower.

Río Aqua Salud, Weir 9 — QAS04W09
Río Agua Salud 4

QAS04W09:  “Río Aqua Salud, Weir 9” is on the Río Agua Salud, Igriega fork tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.22611N, 79.76166W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E636015, N1019879.  The site elevation is 142m.  The catchment has a pasture cover with an approximate area of 6 ha.  The site is accessed by way of boat from Pto. Limon, or by road from El Jiral.  Wet season access is by foot.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  The weir was constructed in August, 2008, and instrumented in January, 2009.  Installed instrumentation consists of one In-Situ LevelTroll model 300, 206 kPa (30 psi) absolute pressure sensor installed in a steel enclosure that is attached to the vertical ISCO sampling tube support, approximately 2 m upstream from the high flow weir.  A second identical sensor is installed within a steel enclosure that is bolted to the inside wall of the low-flow weir box, which has a 90-degree sharp-edged steel plate weir.  There is a meteorological station installed and operated by ACP approximately 150 m north of the weir that is currently augmented with a surface energy balance system that measures net radiation, wind-speed at two heights, soil surface temperature, and rainfall.

Site requirements and recommendations:  This site is difficult to access in the wet season.  Telemetry should be added, perhaps through the ACP telemetry network at the nearby ACP meteorological station.

Pasture, Weir 5 (not yet constructed) — QAS05W05
Río Agua Salud 5

Native Species, Weir 6 — QME01W06
Río Mendosa 1

QME01W06:  “Native Species, Weir 6” is on the Río Mendosa, north fork tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.21385N, 79.73105W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E639383, N1018535.  Site elevation is 238m.  The catchment has a native-species plantation cover with an estimated area of ~35 ha.  The site is accessed by way of El Jiral.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Native Species, Weir 6, is located on the North Fork of Río Mendosa, draining the native-species plantation in property 2.  This is a large concrete weir with low-flow weir box constructed in May, 2008.  An In-Situ LevelTroll 206 kPa (30psi) absolute pressure sensor is installed in steel enclosure bolted to side wall of low-flow weir box.  An In-Situ LevelTroll 206 kPa (30 psi) absolute pressure sensor in steel pipe enclosure is installed on right bank approximately 2 m upstream from face of the high-flow weir and bolted to the ISCO sampler vertical support.  The sensors were installed June, 2008.  This catchment has paired rain gages ideally situated in its center.

Site Requirements and recommendations:  None at present.

Second Growth, Weir 7 — QME02W07
Río Mendosa 2

QME02W07:  “Second Growth, Weir 7” is on a tributary to the Río Mendosa, north fork tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.21368N, 79.73107W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E639382, N1018516.  Site elevation is 240m.  The catchment has a young second-growth cover with an estimated area of approximately 7 ha.  This weir is located on a small left-bank tributary of the North Fork of the Rio Mendosa approximately 15 m downstream from Weir 6.  The site is accessed by way of El Jiral.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  The small stream above Weir 7 drains the second-growth catchment in property 2.  The weir, which is a compound weir consisting of a 90-degree sharp-edged steel plate and semi broad-crested horizontal weir, which is located at the mouth of this stream, sits atop an exposed outcrop of fractured rock, which has numerous grooves across the channel.  Bedrock appears to be substantial and extend for at least 1 m on either side of the mouth.  This keeps the mouth of this tributary stable and about 2 m above the bed of the stream below weir 6 (QME01W6).  Maximum high water marks appear (based on scour marks along channel sides) to be about 1 m above the bed of this tributary, which is a height below the invert of Weir 7.  This indicates that back water influences on Weir 7 from flows in the north fork of the Rio Mendosa will be infrequent.  An In-Situ LevelTroll 206 kPa (30psi) absolute pressure sensor is installed in steel pipe enclosure approximately 3.5 m upstream from the weir.  The sensor is installed on the right bank inside a steel pipe enclosure with a welded chain that is tied to an exposed tree root.  The enclosure with sensor rests on the bottom of channel upstream from the weir.  The sensor was installed in June, 2008, and the weir was constructed in December, 2008.

Site Requirements and recommendations:  None at present.

Teak, Lower, Weir 4 — QME03W04
Río Mendosa 3

QME0304:  “Teak, Lower, Weir 4” is on the Río Mendosa, west fork tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.20018N, 79.74577W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E637772, N1017018.  Site elevation is 165m.  The catchment has a mostly teak plantation cover with an estimated area of ~35 ha.  The site is accessed by way of El Jiral.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Teak, Lower, Weir 4 is located on the West Fork of Río Mendosa, in the teak-plantation site.  It is a large concrete weir with low-flow weir box constructed 2008.  An In-Situ LevelTroll 206 kPa (30psi) absolute pressure sensor is installed in steel enclosure bolted to side wall of low-flow weir box and padlocked.  An In-Situ LevelTroll 206 kPa (30psi) absolulte pressure sensor is installed within a steel enclosure that is mounted on the vertical support for the ISCO sampler pipe approximately 2 m upstream from the weir face.  Sensors were installed June, 2008.  This subcatchment has a rain gage and a shallow (5-m) well field near the weir.

Site Requirements and recommendations:  None at present.

Teak, Upper, Weir 8 — QME04W08
Río Mendosa 4

QME04W08:  “Teak, Upper, Weir 8” is on the Río Mendosa, upper west fork tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.20246N, 79.74855W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E637465, N1017269.  Site elevation is 188m.  The catchment has a teak and second growth cover with an estimated area of ~6 ha.  The site is accessed by way of El Jiral.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Secondary Succession, Weir 8 is located on is located on the West Fork of Río Mendosa, above the teak-plantation site.  This site is upstream from weir 4 (QME03W04), and downstream from the confluence of two small headwater streams.  The area above the weir is older secondary succession (~30 year’s age) on the right bank and teak plantation on the left bank.  The weir was completed in March, 2009.  Installed instruments include 206 kPa (30-psi) absolute pressure transducers.  One sensor is installed in a steel enclosure bolted to the inside face of the low-flow weir box, which includes a 90-degree sharp-edged steel plate weir.  The second sensor is installed in a steel enclosure that is connected to the vertical support of the ISCO sampling pipe, approximately 2 m upstream from the high-flow weir face.  The second growth forest above this weir is being used for infiltration experiments using tracers.

Site requirements and recommendations:  None at present.

PRORENA, Weir 10 — QAB01W10
Río Agua Buena 1

QAB01W10:  “PRORENA, Weir 10” is on the Río Agua Buena, south fork tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.09674N, 79.60863W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E652885, N1005634.  Site elevation is 137m.  The catchment has a canal grass cover with an estimated area of ~20 ha.  The site is accessed from the Camino de Cruces parking, Madden Highway.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  PRORENA Weir 10 is located on the South Fork of Río Agua Buena inside a catchment entirely covered with canal grass / paja canalaria, Saccharum spontaneum.  It is inside Soberania National Park and is part of a PRORENA reforestation site.  Catchment is completely covered by a monoculture of canal crass.  The weir was completed in June, 2009.  An In-Situ Leveltroll 206 kPa (30psi) absolute pressure sensor was installed in a steel enclosure bolted to the inside of the low-flow weir box, which includes a 90-degree sharp edged steel plate weir.  A second identical sensor is installed in a steel pipe enclosure that is bolted to the vertical support for the ISCO sampler pipe, and located approximately 2 m upstream from the high-flow weir face.

Site requirements and recommendations:  This site is an ideal site to study fire effects in a tropical catchment.  The regular, almost annual, burns would be instrumented prior to the burn and detailed hydrologic and mass balance studies would be undertaken at the beginning of the following wet season.

Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 1 — QCA01W01
Ciudad del Arbol 1

QCA01W01:  “Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 1” is on the Río Chilibrillo, right fork tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.19213N, 79.59665W, and in NAS1927 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E654161, N1016189.  Site elevation is 70m.  The catchment has a native species after canal grass cover with its area to be determined.  The site is accessed by way of Alto Chagres NP Road, Madden Highway.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 1 is located on a right-fork tributary of the Río Chilibrillo not far from the University of Panama field hut.  An In-Situ LevelTroll 30psi Sensor was installed in steel enclosure approximately 4 m upstream from the Cipolliti Weir.  A chain that is welded to the enclosure is tied to an exposed root on the right bank.  The weir pre-dates Madden Dam.  Its dimensions are:  66cm (26″) bottom width, 91.4cm (36″) top width, 45.7cm (18″) depth.  The sensor installed 24 March, 2008.

Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 2 — QCA02W02
Ciudad del Arbol 2

QCA02W02:  “Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 2” is on the Río Chilibrillo, right fork tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.18918N, 79.60340W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E653419, N1015859.  Site elevation is 60m.  The catchment has a native species after canal grass cover with its area to be determined.  The site is accessed by way of Alto Chagres NP Road, Madden Highway.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 2 is located on a right-fork tributary of the Río Chilibrillo beyond the end of the road leaving the University of Panama field hut.  It is about a 10 minute hike to large U-shaped channel in limestone.  The large Cipolliti weir with partially eroded crest.  An In-Situ LevelTroll model 300, 206 kPa (30psi) absolute pressure sensor contained within a steel enclosure was buried in a alluvium at the upstream face of weir, approximately 2 m from the right edge of the weir in the right bank.  The weir predates Madden Dam.  The dimensions of the Cipolliti weir are:  68.6cm (27″) bottom with, 91.4cm (36″) top width, 50.8cm (20″) depth, with 12.7cm (5″) erosion in weir crest.  The sensor installed 24 March, 2008.

Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 3 — QCA03W03
Ciudad del Arbol 3

QCA03W03:  “Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 3” is on the Río Chilibrillo, left-bank tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.18808N, 79.60263W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E653504, N1015739.  Site elevation is 60m.  The catchment has a native species after canal grass cover with its area to be determined.  The site is accessed by way of Alto Chagres NP Road, Madden Highway.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 3 is located on a left-bank tributary of the Río Chilibrillo.  It is a Cipolliti weir is located several hundred meters downstream from CdA Weir 2 on a tributary that enters on the left bank.  There is a flowing sand-boil just upstream from the weir.  This weir was not instrumented because of the flowing sand-boil indicates karstic behavior.

Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 4 — QCA04W04
Ciudad del Arbol 4

QCA04W04:  “Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 4” is on the Río Chilibrillo, left tributary.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.18575N, 79.59557W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E654281, N1015483.  Site elevation is 65m.  The catchment has a native species after canal grass cover with its area to be determined.  The site is accessed by way of Alto Chagres NP Road, Madden Highway.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  Ciudad del Arbol, Weir 4 is located on a left-bank tributary of the Río Chilibrillo.  It is a Cipolliti weir about the same size as weir 1.  It is reached by a long hike from end of road past University of Panama hut.  A 206 kPa (30 psi) absolute In-Situ LevelTroll model 300 pressure sensor was installed in steel pipe enclosure, buried approximately 0.5 m from right edge of weir in the right bank.  The sensor was installed 24 March, 2008.

Rain Gages and other Meteorological Equipment

Meteorology

Rain, Weir 1 — MET01W01
ASM01W01:  “Rain, near Weir 1” has WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates of 9.20122N, 79.78384W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates are E633589, N1017118.  Site elevation is 81 m.  Local vegetation cover is mature forest.  The site is accessed by way of Pipeline Road.  Two rain gages were installed at this location in August, 2008.  They are poorly sited with numerous tall trees in the vicinity.

Rain, Weir 2 — MET02W02
ASM02W03:  “Rain near Weir 2.” A tree fall in early 2010 created an opening and two rain gages were installed in June, 2010.  The site is adjacent to Rio Agua Salud Weir 2, on the right bank.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.20893N, 79.77950W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E634025, N1018001.  Site elevation is 87m.

Rain, Weir 3 — MET03W03
MET03W03:  “Rain, near Weir 3” is a rain gage.  This is a triple rain-gage cluster.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.22910N, 79.76663W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E635467, N1020209.  Site elevation is 201 m.  Local vegetation cover is pasture.  The site is accessed by way of Pto. Limon or El Jiral.

Rain, Weir 4 — MET04W04
MET04W04:  “Rain, near Weir 4” is a triple-cluster rain gage.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.19967N, 79.74642W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E637701, N1016962.  Site elevation is 200 m.  Local vegetation cover is teak plantation.  The site is accessed by way of El Jiral.

Rain, Arnulfo – MET05ARN
MET05ARN:  “Rain, Arnulfo” is a triple-cluster rain gage.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.20992N, 79.75745W, and in NAS1927 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E636483, N1018089.  Site elevation is 175 m.  Local vegetation cover is secondary succession and mixed pasture.  The site is accessed by way of El Jiral.

Rain/Meteorological, Weir 6 — MET06W06
ASM06W06:  “Rain, near Weir 6” is a triple-cluster rain gage, installed June, 2008.  A meteorological station was added in May, 2009.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.21395N, 79.72813W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E639703, N1018546.  Site elevation is 324 m.  Local vegetation cover is native-species plantation.  The site is accessed by way of El Jiral.  It is enclosed within a locked chain-link fenced enclosure.

Native Species Covariance System near Rio Agua Salud Weir 6 – ASEC01W06
ASEC01W06:  Eddy Covariance, near Weir 6.” The system is installed at approximately 4 m height on a 6 m tall tower within the fenced enclosure containing MET06W06 in the middle of the native species plantation.  This system consists of a Kipp & Zonen NR-1 four component net radiometer, a Campbell Scientific CR5000 data logger, a CSAT-3 3-D sonic anemometer, a LICOR LI-7500 open-path infrared gas analyzer, and a fine-wire thermocouple.  It is solar powered by two 60W tower mounted panels and two deep-cycle 12V batteries.  The eddy-covariance system was installed in August, 2009 with a defective 3-D sonic anemometer, which was not repaired and re-installed until May, 2010.

Rain/Meteorologic, Weir 10 — MET07W10 (PRORENA, Río Agua Buena site)
ASM06W06:  “Meteorology, near Weir 10” is a triple-cluster rain gage and meteorological station.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.100010N, 79.61202W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E652511, N1006006.  Site elevation is 197 m.  Local vegetation is canal grass with plantation trees.  The site is accessed by way of the Camino de Cruces parking lot off the Madden Highway.  The meteorological station and rain gages are located within a locked chain-link fence enclosure.  Rain gages and meteorological station installed July, 2009.  Variables measured:  air temperature, wind speed, down welling solar radiation.

Ciudad del Arbol, Rain — MET08CDA
MET08CDA:  “Ciudad del Arbol, Rain” is a rain gage.  The position in WGS84 longitude-latitude coordinates is 9.18975N, 79.59320W, and in NAD27 Canal Zone UTM, zone 17 coordinates it is E654541, N1015926.  Site elevation is 118 m.  Local vegetation cover is native species after canal grass.  The site is accessed by way of Alto Chagres NP Road, Madden Highway.  Installed July, 2008.

Cerro Pelado Eddy Covariance System – CPEC01
Installed at approximately 30 m height on a 40 m tall tower above the old regrowth canopy at Cerro Pelado.  This system consists of a Kipp & Zonen NR-1 four component net radiometer, a Campbell Scientific CR5000 data logger, a CSAT-3 3-D sonic anemometer, a LICOR LI-7500 open-path infrared gas analyzer, and a fine-wire thermocouple.  The system also has two tower-mounted Davis Instruments tipping bucket rain gages that record 1/100” of rainfall per tip It is solar powered by two 60W tower mounted panels and two deep-cycle 12V batteries.  Associated with this tower is one Davis Instruments 1/100” tipping bucket rain gage installed in the fenced STRI growth chamber/greenhouse area in Gamboa, approximately 500 m south of the Cerro Pelado eddy-covariance tower.   This rain gage serves to complete the triple-gage cluster.

Surface Energy Balance System — METSBX
METSBX is a “roving” surface energy balance system that is useful for measurements aimed at augmenting estimation of evapotranspiration using remote sensing methods.  Measurements include net short- and long-wave radiation using a CNR-3 net radiometer, air temperature, wind speeds at 2.0 and 0.5 m using 2-D sonic anemometers, and land surface temperature via an infrared radiometer.  This system was installed near the Weir 10 rain gage /meteorological station from August, 2009, through May, 2010.  From May, 2010, the system has been in operation at the site of the ACP meteorological station near Rio Agua Salud weir 9.

Summary of current installations and conditions:  All our rain gage installations have a minimum two rain gages, and most have three rain gages.  The reason for multiple gages installed at the same location (clusters) is to detect and minimize the impact of gage fouling.  As of June, 2010, we are operating gage clusters at 8 locations.  We also have two eddy-covariance systems installed- one above old re-growth forest at Cerro Pelado and one in the native species plantation.  One surface energy balance station is running near Rio Agua Salud Weir 9.  We have two meteorological stations running.  These are installed at the native species plantation, and in the canal grass catchment near Weir 10.  Manually reading atmometers are installed at the native species plantation and in the canal grass catchment.